I think this is one of those: It looks dangerous, so I you need to be careful. I would start with assumption of dangerous play, unless I clearly saw the contact was ball only. (rather than assume it is not dangerous unless I saw contact).
So really difficult to rule on the basis of a still photo. Did the foot carry on and make contact with the SH? was it clear and obvious that no contact was made? (especially to the torso/head) Was the kick a "cancan" kick, or more a horizontal "stamp" - makes a difference to which bits of the body likely to contact. If C&O that no contact was made, then play on, otherwise I would penalise for dangerous play.
But I think it looks like the chances are, that in the photo, there was no contact, and it looks like the ball has clearly gone before ball was kicked. And the kick looks like a "horizontal stamp" type of kick (i.e. pushing the ball forward, not kicking it upwards), so unlikely to have involved contact, so play on. But it is a still, so impossible to know.