and I can't work out what the image is supposed to be of... scrum? tackle? ruck?
It clearly shows an arm across a neck and in contact with the head, which is _possibly_ dangerous play.
but as others have pointed out a single still doesn't show any context... these guys could be coming up from a halted reset scrum, where there is no pressure and the arm has just got there as they disengage for example.
didds
It was a maul. Short version is, I think, that the pressure continued until the neck was broken.
USA R decided that there had not been an act of foul play. The Coach, Jack Clark, is waging a one man war over it.
Independent World Rugby Certified Citing Commissioner determines play was reckless, but does not “rise to the level of a red card offense”. (4 October 2017)
The World Rugby certified review concludes, "Photographic evidence shows prior to the collapse there is less visible evidence of muscle strain (an indication of active attempt to pull down on the neck) than when both players are moving down as the maul collapses...In addition, given the constant position of the elbow in relation to the head, there appears to be no torquing motion applied to the neck."
Read more at https://www.usarugby.org
The USAR citing process of the Robert Paylor incident asked six questions of the Citing Commissioner. His following answers tell a story...
USA RUGBY CITING COMMISSIONER REVIEW FORM
Did you confer with Match Officials as to what they observed? NO
Did you obtain, seek or consider further information from any other source including:
(A) Players from Team of the alleged offending player? NO
(B) Players from non-offending Team including, if applicable, the victim
player? NO
(C) Medical? NO
(D) Other sources? NO
Please identify any other investigative actions undertaken? NONE
These are the USAR Citing Commissioner’s quoted answers from the USA Rugby Citing Commissioner Review Form.
The review included study of various camera angles and still photos. Arkansas State was already penalized for collapsing the maul (the referee played advantage and Cal scored a few seconds later). However, the question is whether Paylor was driven head-first into the ground with intent.